An Overview on Various Analytical Methods for Estimation of Atenolol and Amiodarone from its Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Sadaf Arshad Rangrez^* and Vinayak Gaware ^*Correspondence: Sadaf Arshad Rangrez, Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, PRES’s Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Nashik, India, Email:

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Introduction

Atenolol is a beta blocker medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure and heart-associated chest pain. Atenolol, however, does not seem to improve mortality in those with high blood pressure (AHFS, 2018; Tomiyama H and Yamashina A, 2014; DiNicolantonio JJ, et al., 2015). Other uses include the prevention of migraines and treatment of certain irregular heartbeats. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. It can also be used with other blood pressure medications (British National Formulary, 2018).

Common side effects include feeling tired, heart failure, dizziness, depression, and shortness of breath. Other serious side effects include bronchospasm. Use is not recommended during pregnancy and alternative drugs are preferred when breastfeeding. It works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, thus decreasing the heart rate and workload.

Atenolol was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1975. It is available as a generic medication. In 2018, it was the 42nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 18 million prescriptions (Beard Jr EL, 2001; Ali MU, et al., 2018; Florey K, 1981; Akiful HM, et al., 2012; Godge RK, et al., 2017) (Figure 1).

Figure 1:Structure of Atenolol

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent a number of types of irregular heartbeats (Beard Jr EL, 2001). This includes Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), Ventricular Fibrillation (VF), and wide complex tachycardia, as well as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (Ali MU, et al., 2018). Evidence in cardiac arrest, however, is poor. It can be given by mouth, intravenously, or intraosseously. When used by mouth, it can take a few weeks for effects to begin. Common side effects include feeling tired, tremor, nausea, and constipation (Florey K, 1981). As amiodarone can have serious side effects, it is mainly recommended only for significant ventricular arrhythmias. Serious side effects include lung toxicity such as interstitial pneumonitis, liver problems, heart arrhythmias, vision problems, thyroid problems, and death If taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding it can cause problems in the fetus. It is a class III antiarrhythmic medication. It works partly by increasing the time before a heart cell can contract again.

Amiodarone was first made in 1961 and came into medical use in 1962 for chest pain believed to be related to the heart. It was pulled from the market in 1967 due to side effects. In 1974 it was found to be useful for arrhythmias and reintroduced. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 196th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Structure of Amiodarone

Analytical Methods

Analytical methods development and validation play important roles in the discovery, development, and manufacture of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical products formulated with more than one drug, typically referred to as combination products, are intended to meet previously unmet patients need by combining the therapeutic effects of two or more drugs in one product. These combination products can present daunting challenges to the analytical chemist responsible for the development and validation of analytical methods. This review contains the various simultaneous estimation methods (spectrophotometric, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) which are employed for the quantitative estimation of drug products containing antihypertensive analytes. The official test methods that result from these processes are used by quality control laboratories to ensure the identity, purity, potency, and performance of drug products.

Validation of RP-HPLC method

The developed method for estimating Atenolol and amiodarone was validated for the following parameters according to ICH guidelines (Nilesh S, et al., 2021; Sabir AM, 2013; ICH I, 2005; Hausherr A, et al., 2020; Pendbhaje NS, et al., 2021; Sule S, et al., 2014).

Filtration analysis: A filtration study of an analytical technique explores the filter's interference with extraneous materials, deposition on the filter bed, and filter compatibility with the sample.

Specificity: Specificity is the capacity to access the analyte unequivocally in the presence of potentially present components.

Linearity and range: The ability of an analytical method to elicit test results that are proportional to the concentration of an analyte in samples within a given range, either directly or through a well-defined mathematical transformation.

Decisiveness The statistical treatment of test results obtained by examination of samples with analyte concentrations around the claimed spectrum determines the analytical method's linearity.

As a function of analyte concentration, the region is graphically plotted. Curve fitting percentages are measured. Acceptance is a state of mind. Criteria include: The plot should be linear, with the origin at the middle. The correlation coefficient (r2) must be greater than 0.999.

Accuracy (%Recovery): The closeness of agreement between the value accepted as a standard true value or an accepted reference value and the value of the value found is expressed by the analytical procedure's accuracy.

Criteria for acceptance: The average recovery rate should be between 98.00 and 102.00 percent. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) does not exceed 2.0%.

Precision: When a technique is applied repeatedly to several Samplings of a homogeneous sample, the precision of an analytical method is the degree of agreement among individual test results. A Standard Deviation or Relative Standard Deviation is used to express the accuracy of an empirical system. There are two levels of precision: repeatability and intermediate precision. It is carried out on a sample API. From the same sample matrix, render six separate test solutions of the 100 percent test concentration. Every test solution should be injected twice.

Accuracy in the middle:

Precisely in the middle of the day: It is carried out by making another researcher analyse the data on a different day to ensure that the findings are repeatable. Samples prepared in the same way that the Repeatability parameter samples were (6 Samples prepared).

Criteria for acceptance: For test results, the percent RSD of 6 samples

NMT 2.0% was used.

NMT 2.0% for test results, percent RSD of total 12 samples.

(6 of Repeatability and 6 of Intermediate precision)

Robustness: The robustness of an analytical technique is a measure of its ability to remain unaffected by minor yet deliberate changes in system parameters, and it indicates its efficiency during regular use.

Detection:

Limit Of Detection (LOD): Under the specified experimental conditions, the lowest concentration of the analyte in the sample that the system can detect but not necessarily quantify simply means that the sample is below or above a certain threshold. Limits are defined in percentages or parts per million. The detection limit will be calculated not only by the measurement technique, but also by the type of instrument used.

S/N= 2/1 or 3/1

Where, S=Signal, N=Noise It may be calculated based on the Standard Deviation (SD) of the response and slope of the curve(S).

LOD=3.3 (SD)/S

Where, SD=Standard deviation, S=Slope

Limit Of Quantitation (LOQ): The lowest amount of analyte in a sample that can be calculated with reasonable precision and accuracy under the specified experimental conditions is known as the limit of quantitation (LOQ). It is expressed as the percentage of analyte in the sample (e.g., parts per billion). The S/N ratio should not be less than 10 and the RSD should be less than 3%.

S/N= 10/1

Where S=Signal N=Noise It may be calculated based on the Standard Deviation (SD) of the response and slope of the curve(S).

LOQ=10 (SD)/S Where, SD=Standard deviation, S=Slope

Experimental work Literature survey revealed that was determined by UV-visible spectroscopy and HPLC. In the current work, the authors have proposed a simple, specific, valid and robust RP-HPLC method for the estimation of Atenolol and amiodarone in pharmaceutical active substance form (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1: Analytical methods used for the estimation of Atenolol from bulk and formulations

Table 2: Analytical methods used for the estimation of Amiodarone from bulk and formulations

Conclusion

Presented work is focused on the use of different analytical methods like High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Bioanalytical Methods, UV Spectroscopy, Stability indicating RP-HPLC methods etc. for determination of Atenolol and Amiodarone in formulation as well as in API. From the reviewed literature it is obvious that HPLC is a commonly available method of testing in pharmaceutical laboratory so this method should be of choice for complete determination of Atenolol and Amiodarone. No one analytical methods are available in market for the simultaneous estimation of the Atenolol and amiodarone in Pharmaceutical dosage form and bulk drugs.

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