Ethanopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Moringaceae Family: A Review

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Introduction

The Moringaceae family are dicotyledonous tropical and sub-tropical flowering trees which are used widely in source of medicine, food, cosmetic oil, water purification and forage for livestock (Berushka P and Himansu B, 2012). Different parts of trees have many therapeutic uses, pharmacological activities, sources of numerous active medicinal compounds. The family Moringaceae is containing around 33 different species, only 13 species from these 33 species were documented from old-world tropics (Mabberley DJ, 1987). The 13 species of Moringaceae family are dicotyledonous tropical and sub-tropical flowering trees fit into three main categories that reflect life form and geography are slender trees, bottle trees and trees, shrubs and herbs of north eastern of Africa. The M. oleiferaand M. concanensisare slender trees indigenous to India; M. peregrinaindigenous to Red sea and Horn of Africa. The bottle trees are M. stenopetalaindigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia; M. hildebrandi and M. drouhardii indigenous to Madagascar; M. ovalifolia indigenous to Namibia and Angola. The M. arborea trees, shrubs and herbs are indigenous to north eastern of Africa and Kenya; M. pygmaea indigenous to Somalia; M. borziana, indigenous to Somalia and Kenya; M. rivaeindigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia; M. ruspolianaindigenous to Ethiopia, M. longitubaindigenous to Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia (Olson ME, 2002; Olson ME, 1999).

World Health Organization (WHO) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) define the “a medicinal plant” is (1) any natural plant or more of its parts contains chemical constituents or substances that can used in order to prevent, relieve or cure a disease or to change physiological and pathological process, or (2) any natural plant employed as a source of medicinal compounds/drugs or their precursors (Taiga A and Friday E, 2009; Arias TD, 1999). As per the World Health Organization (WHO) approximate that 4 Billion people, 80% of the world’s population, currently use plant-based natural medicine for their primary health care issues or to maintain health wellbeing (Owolabi MA, et al., 2007). The term “herbal drug” means the part/parts of a plant (leaves, roots, seeds, barks, flowers, stems, etc.) used for formulating herbal drugs and preparing its medicated formulations. The world is enriched with natural and exclusive sources of herbal and medicinal plants. In the last few years bio-friendly, eco-friendly, relatively safe, less side effects and cost-effective, plant based natural medicines have moved from the fringe to the conventional with the increased research in the field of traditional medicine therefore a tremendous growth in the field of herbal or ayurvedic medicine (Sen S, et al., 2011). In developing and developed countries herbal medicine are getting more popular because of its natural origin and lower side effects (Brahmachari UN, 2001). Now a day’s traditional practitioner of developing and developed countries relies on medicinal plants in order to cure some health problem, disease and their health care needs on large number of populations. Because of their low side effects and natural origin natural herbal medicines and traditional practice have often continued their popularity for historical and cultural reasons compare to modern medicines. Herbal plants have been a used as source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and a remarkable number of modern therapeutic drugs have been isolated from natural sources as well as food supplements, nutraceuticals, folk medicines. Similarly, pharmaceutical intermediates and precursor for modern synthetic drugs has also been isolated from herbal plant or natural sources. Several isolations and extracted herbal natural constituents were uses as therapeutic agents in traditional medicine. An herbal medicine preparation or phytopharmaceutical formulations or both are manufactured medicine obtained exclusively from natural plants (such as aerial and non-aerial parts, essential oil, juices and resins), or in the crude state (Rates SM, 2001).

Literature Review

Now a days herbal or ayurvedic medicinal plants are getting more popular than ever because they have potential innumerable benefits and have lesser adverse effects compare to allopathic or synthetic medicine to society or definitely to all mankind, especially in the line of pharmacological and therapeutic area. The bioactive phytochemical constituents of these herbal plants have more medicinal value which produces definite pharmacological action on the human body (Afolabi CA, et al., 2007). Natural plant contain most important bioactive phytochemical constituents are essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoid, phenolic compounds and several more (Edeoga HO, et al., 2005). Still, add a note of caution stating that herbal remedies are effective under appropriate medical supervision or traditional practitioner and without side-effects but require a longer time for treatment of health problem. The medicinally active component and secondary metabolite are differing in quality and quantity for an herbal plant species because they are growing in different locations and regions (Prajapati D, et al., 2004). The market value of such natural plants depends on their active content and medicinal use rather than merely their flourishing growth. As consider more than 70,000 species of the natural plant kingdom have been used as ayurvedic herbal medicine at one time or other (Purohit S and Vyas S, 2004).

Moringceae is one of the family whose different species have not been investigated completely in spite of and the gigantic reports concerning the different parts i.e., seeds, roots, stem, bark, leaves of a few species have a medicinal properties such as, for example, antibacterial and antifungal properties; anti-malarial properties; anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties; antiulcer properties; anticancer properties; hypoglycaemic properties; hypolipidemic properties; hepato and kidney protective properties; antioxidant properties; heart and circulatory energizers properties; antiepileptic properties; antispasmodic properties; antihypertensive properties. Different species also being used for treatment of various ailments in the indigenous system of medicine (Jayabharathi M and Chitra M, 2011; Fahey JW, 2005; Morton JF, 1991; Cáceres A, et al., 1992; Pal SK, et al., 1995; Eilert U, et al., 1981; Guevara AP, et al., 1999; Buraimoh AA, et al., 2011; El-Alfy TS, et al., 2011; Anbazhakan S, et al., 2007).

The Moringa Oleifera and morinagceae family species is referenced in greater than 80 countries and its indigenous knowledge and use known in over 200 local languages. Moringamedicinal benefits and its cultivation has been increasing across Asia, Africa, Latin America, Greek, Roman, Egypt and many others for thousands of years with literatures dating as far back as 150 AD. The history of Moringa dates back to 150 BC, ancient Egyptians applied it topically to prevent skin infection while Indians use it for curing high blood pressure. Ancient Maurian warriors of India were given to Moringaleaves extract as Elixir formulation in the warfront. The elixir preparation drink was believed to add them extra energy and relieve them of the pain and stress suffered during war. In the Caribbean country, Moringais used for the treatment of warts in Aruba and eye infections in Puerto Rico, where ancient kings and queens used Moringaleaf and fruit in their diet to wellness of mental awakening, healthy and glowing skin. Many other country health practitioners use morinagaceae family plant for various health diseases to cure or prevent such as Senegal health practitioners prescribe it to treat weakness and dizziness and Nicaraguan health practitioners use Moringabuds to sooth headaches. The Moringaspecies are presently of widespread interest because of their outstanding economic potential (Arora DS, et al., 2013; Aaron K, 2022; Mahmood KT, et al., 2010).

Literature review shown that Bio prospecting of Moringaceae and medicinal importance of Moringaceae are published (Berushka P and Himansu B, 2012; Arora DS, et al., 2013). In both these article very less comprehensive phytoconstituents and pharmacology of these Moringaceae family was given and extensive literature will be needed to establish the wide-ranging phytoconstituents and pharmacology of these and other Moringaceae species, and additional explore and exploit their pharmacological properties not overlooking to ascertain the safety and therapeutic use of the active phytoconstituents. This comprehensive review article has been collected and gathering information from the literature documenting the ethanopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Moringaceae species.

Ethanopharmacology

As per the World Health Organization, traditional medicine comprise diverse health practices, knowledge, approaches and beliefs incorporating natural herbal plant, animal and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, given alone or in combination to maintain well-being, as well as to cure, diagnose or prevent disease or illness. The importance Moringaceae species was due to their wide variety of medicinal properties.

For the preparation of review article, the ethnopharmacology and ethnobotanical reports of Moringa Oleifera and moringaceae species were select with quantitative data and with prior attention to the frequency of citation for additional potential investigations. In the tropics and subtropics, Moringa Oleifera herbs are generally used in traditional medicine. Still, Moringa Oleifera re-presents only 7% of a moringaceae species of which the other species remains unexplored and underutilized. Researchers have mainly focused on the phytochemical constituents, medicinal properties and nutritional values of Moringa Oleifera; henceforth, there is very slight information, documentation or research done on the importance of the other species within the genus, which are similarly as important and valuable (Berushka P and Himansu B, 2012). Almost plant parts like leaves, seed etc. of this genus are used medicinal agents in human for the treatment or prevent variety of disorders. The major use of Moringaceae species are as Nutritional/Vitamin Supplement (Malnutrition), anti-malarial agent, Anti-hypertensive, Diabetes mellitus. A wide range of application in folk medicine of moringaceae plants belonging to this genus has been reported. The summary of ethnopharmacological data on Moringaceae found in the literature is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Ethanopharmacology use of Moringaceae

Phytochemistry

Phytochemicals mens only those chemicals which may have an effect on health, or on color, smell, texture, or flavour of the plants, but are not essential by humans as vital nutrients (Fahey JW, 2005). Natural Plant produced chemical compounds means phytochemicals like glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, polyphenol, phenolic acids, saponins, carbohydrates, phytosterols, vitamins, oxalates and phytates have been used in a wide variety of commercial constitutents and industrial utilization such as cosmetics, water purifying agent, bio-based fuels, biosorbent and plastics as well as natural pigments and bioactive compounds. The continuous research focus on therapeutic use of phytochemicals is increasing day by day due to the harmful adverse effects of the synthetic medicinal compounds. Several research article and reports have been published about the phytochemical content of moringaceae species and reported to have numbers of phytochemical compounds. Following Table 2represent the published research and review article of phytochemical compounds of moringaceae species.

Table 2: Phytochemical compounds isolated from Moringaceae

The Phytochemical constituents in M. oleifera leaves, seed, fruits diverges somewhat with the topographical and climatic conditions under which the plant was grown-up, as well as with the processing methods for the collection of leaves (Coppin J, 2008; Mukunzi D, et al., 2011).

Moreover Moringaspecies is edible, very little nutritional bioavailability and information available. M. oleifera contain high calcium and protein levels, anatomical work shows that all herbal parts are packed with calcium oxalate crystals. For the determination of protein, most analytical methods examine total N rather than bioavailable protein. This is potentially important that the calcium in oxalates in Moringa Oleifera plant available as a dietary calcium source not as a Moringaprotein and mineral consideration. The ingestion of high levels of soluble oxalates can contribute to kidney stones but the authors found only non-soluble oxalates in plant, which are excreted and thus do not contribute to calculi. Thus, determining the relationship between nutrition value of Moringa species and palatability is commonly necessary. The wide range of Moringaand its species, across the dry tropics of Africa, Asia and Madagascar, makes broadly surveying the genetic diversity of each species a challenge because many of the ranges of the species are inaccessibility.

There is no reported literature on the phytochemistry Moringa Arborea, M. rivae, M. Borziana, M. Ruspoliana, M. Pygmaea, M. Hildebrandtii, M. Longitubaand M. drouhardii.

Pharmacology

Moringaceae products are frequently suggested by traditional ayurvedic practitioner and used by patients in many countries to cure or prevent disease as well as also sold as over-the-counter natural medicines for nutritional supplements and derived from raw plant tissue or plant extracts. There are many digital platforms where herbal supplements sell for the wellness, nutritional supplement and immunomodulatory effect. One of the most studied species in the moringaceae family is Moringa Oleifera from a nutritional and biological perspective, and both evaluations are commonly based on the traditional uses of plant. Other remaining species of Moringaceae family also studied and evaluations are normally based on the traditional therapeutic uses. Since the chemical constituent’s variability of the plants, the important identified compounds are cited when available. Table 3 lists the biological activities of Moringaceaec species.

Table 3: Biological activities of Moringaceae

Toxicology

Natural or dietary nutritional supplement or herbal products are likely to be effective and safe for treating or preventing disease with appropriate knowledge. Due to the complex chemical nature of herbal nutritional supplements which is makes it difficult to evaluate their potency, efficacy and safety. Herbal nutritional or dietary products often show great variability in quality because of some issues including authentication, substitution and adulteration and environment as well as soil factors during growth, harvest, and postharvest processing (Guo L, et al., 2010).

The reported adverse effects of herbal supplement and formulation have higher related to public health risks including the quantity, concentration, composition, and specific contaminants/ adulteration of dietary supplements. Herbal dietary nutritional supplements and other ayurvedic products have been documented as the common causes of drug-induced liver injury (Ruan J, et al., 2015). A current report indicates that dietary/herbal nutritional supplements are produced 19% of drug-induced acute liver failure cases, (Goldberg DS, et al., 2015) since consumers/patients often buy these products online without the supervision and concern with the health care provider and are not aware of synthetic drug and herbal formulation interactions and appropriate warnings.

From the Moringaceae family various plant part leaves, bark, seeds, roots, flowers and sap are commonly used in traditional medicine, and the leaf and immature seed pods are used as food supplement and products as a human nutrition. In Table 4, Toxicology Studies of Moringaceae Family Plant research article data was shown.

Table 4: Toxicology studies of Moringaceae family plant

Discussion and Conclusion

There was a significant variation in ethanopharmacology, phytoconstituent, pharmacology as well as micronutrients and macro elements in different species of moringaceae for some elements but also some did not show significant differences. This might be attributed to the variable uptake of minerals by the plants and variable agro ecologies of the different regions. M. oleifera, M. Peregrine, M. stenopetala, and M. concanensisis the maximum well-known of the species and its given recognition as a food and medicinal plant for several disease. However, more studies needs to be done on other species of moringaceae family for its potential as food and medicinal plant. Moringaas well as other Moringaceae family plant should be encouraged for more consumption to human for better nutrition and medicinal functions.

From this review we conclude that from the Moringaceae family very few species identified to be consumed as leaf vegetables by native people are M. oleifera, M. stenopetalaand M. concanensis. Many of unknowns’ spe cies remain regarding their nutritional qualities across other Moringaceae family species. Although in this literature we have review the possible dietary nutritional value of remaining species, nearly nothing is reported regarding composition such as the amino acid complement of their proteins, vitamin and the presence of anti-nutritional compounds, or even their edibility. Therefore, such basic information regarding species of potential interest should determining such as M. longitubaor M. ruspoliana. Due to lacking of knowledge about Moringaceae family species, many people are used locally in their native ranges as a medicine, not as a nutritional food supplement.

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