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Introduction

Litsea species is one among the noteworthy genus in the family of Lauraceae among more than 400 species (Maberley DJ, 1993). A total of 45 species have been identified in India, excluding the desert region, and they may be found worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas including Southeast Asia, Southern China, Japan, and Taiwan (Bhuinya T and Mukherjee SK, 2010). There is a considerable distribution of it in Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and China (Hassler M, 2000). Litsea salicifolia commonly referred to as Dighloti by Assamis. Litsea salicifolia is evergreen, fast growing shrub grows up to 10 m tall at an altitude of 300-1200 m from the sea level. Although the species of Litsea has long been used as food by muga silk worms (Antheraea assama) it has also been used in traditional medicine (Yadav GS and Goswami BC, 1990). The silk made by muga silkworms fed Litsea salicifolia leaves is more attractive and expensive than the silkworm fed with other plants (Choudhury S, et al., 1998). Litsea salicifolia plants are used for brushing of newly hatched muga silkworms. The breeders of silkworm noticed that the cocoons fed with leaves of Litsea salicifolia had the reduced risk intensity of diseased condition, and the breeders found that the plant is having strong antibacterial activity. By using the hydro distillation process, essential oil was reported to be extracted from fresh Litsea salicifolia leaves. The oil included twenty-three essential oils, according to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of which benzyl benzoate (76.7%), is responsible for the pleasant flavour of the oil, I-phenyl ethyl benzoate (8.6%), beta-phellandrene (5.3%), I,8-cineole (1.5%) and (E)-beta-ocimene (1.4%) are yielded at considerable percentage (Azhar MA and Salleh WM, 2020).

The Apatani tribal community in Arunachal Pradesh used the fruits of Litsea salicifolia for the treatment of bone fracture and stomach disorders (Mech D and Vijay N, 2020). Around 158 medicinal plants are being used by 12 tribal communities, most of which belongs to Lauraceae family (it comprises 32 generas with 2500 species) especially of the genus Litsea. The genus Litsea represented with 45 species in India (Chang HS and Chen IS, 2016). India has rich history of traditional medicine, that has slowly flourished and survived from ages to till date, but still most of the medicinal plants are untapped in the North East part of India a part of both Himalayan as well as Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots in the world. One such plant is Litsea salicifolia an unexplored plant of north eastern region of India (Chen JJ, et al., 2005).

Most of the Litsea species are known to treat the following conditions such as to normalize the body temperature, to reduce pain, to treat diarrhea, used to treat influenza infection, stomach aches, inflammatory diseases, bruises, insecticidal, and other ailments (Cheng HI, et al., 2001). Several classical books, modern texts, monographs have described the phytochemical, and phytopharmacological properties and traditional uses of Litsea species. Almost all the parts of Litsea are used to treat various ailments, the formulations like churnas (powder mixtures), fresh extracts are given to the patients to treat various diseases, and it was evidenced by the tribals in the Assam and Meghalaya (Cheng MC and Cheng YS, 1983). The genus Litsea exhibit a wide spectrum of biological and phytopharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipyretic, and insecticidal effects. They are also used for the treatment of vomiting, diarrhea, bone pain, colic in children, and any kind of disorders in the central nervous system (Wang YS, et al., 2016).

Literature Review

Geographical distribution of Litsea salicifolia

The genus shows maximum diversity in the northeastern states. It is well represented in Sikkim, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh. In the peninsular India, maximum species found at Tamilnadu, followed by Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra, whereas Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan and Haryana are not having any species of the genus and Gujarat has only a single representative, Litsea glutinosa, different species from Litsea Lam. are widespread to the northeastern India and 14 to the Western Ghats (Bhuinya T, et al., 2010). The genus Litsea Lamarck represented with 45 species in India of which 13 species are known to grow in Sikkim. Of these, Litsea glutinosa and Litsea monopetala are most widely distributed up to 1200 m and 700 m respectively (Dohutia C, et al., 2015). Other commonly occurring species are Litsea cubeba (300 m to 1800 m), Litsea elongata (1800 m to 3100 m), Litsea laeta (300 m to 900 m), and Litsea salicifolia (900 m to 1600 m) are also growing in comparatively low altitude areas. Species growing in high altitude areas like Litsea kingii and Litsea sericea have been collected from above 2000 m and up to 3000 m. Other species known to grow in Sikkim Himalayas are Litsea albescens (1200 m to 2100 m), Litsea doshia (1300 m to 2700 m), Litsea hookeri (400 m to 900 m), Litsea lancifolia (600 m to 1200 m), and Litsea panamanja (300 m to 700 m) (Bhuinya T, et al., 2010).

Wood anatomy of Litsea species

The wood anatomy of Litsea cubeba showed growth ring boundaries that are distinct because of the presence of flattered fibers arranged in radial manner, disseminate to semi-ring porous(hollow tube-like) wood, vessel ray pits mostly cells will be solitary in oval shape to circular shape outline (Feng T, et al., 2008). Vessel ray pits are horizontal with reduce borders, scalariform perforation and tyloses are present, septate and non-septate fibers are present in Litsea cubeba. In Litsea salicifolia growth ring boundaries with flattered fibers and semi ring porous wood, vessel ray pits are solitary which has oval to circular outline, vessel ray pits are rounded and has reduced border thickness, end walls are modified into perforation plates with B10 bars are seen in Litsea salicifolia (Feng T, et al., 2009). In Litsea monopetalla has Vessel Ray Pits (VRP) they are very equal in size and shape to Inter-Vessel Pits (IVP) which are alternate, oval, medium to large in size (8 m-11 m) and they are spiral thickening per square mm 2-36, 23%-28% vessel percentage, Tyloses and crystals are present in Litsea monopetala. Average vessel component length varying from 149.87 μm to 451.77 μm and 623.40 μm to 202.46 μm, the mean tangential diameter varying from 97.5 μm to 21.6 μm and 123.21 μm 30.75 μm, fiber length ranging from 1051.18 μm to 229.43 μm and 1099.17 μm to 246.17 μm (Singh MK, et al., 2015).

Fibers are septate and non-septate and they are radially arranged rows which have 61% of oil cells between them. The septate fiber length is 1081.46 lm. The average diameter of fibre and diameter of wall is around 49.58 and thickness is 6.67 lm (Gupta DR and Garg SK, 1967). In such cases of Litsea species the boundaries in growth ring are unclear and scattered as porous wood. Solitary vessels with oval outline arranged as radial manner around 2-7 rows. Pits at intervessel are alternate with oval shape and medium size around 9 mm in diameter. Pits at vessel ray has thin border to apparently simple found as vertically (Hakim EH, et al., 1993). The average vessel length is 515.81 ± 163.10 lm and 107.45 ± 23.42 lm thicknesses. Perforation plate is simple and the vessels present are 7-27 per sq. mm. Around 16% vessels are present. Scanty pararacheal Parenchyma along with oil cells, 2-8 celled parenchyma strands (Hata T, 1939). The rays are homocellular or heterocellular which are occasionally uni-seriate, bi-seriate and frequently multi-seriate. Average height of ray is 389.04 and width is 32.76 lm. Per mm 7 rays are present on an average, the percentage of ray cells are 18% (Huang CH, et al., 2008).

Chemical composition of Litsea species

The phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Litsea species and their diverse secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids and sesquiterpenes (Kong DG, et al., 2015). Notably, Limonene is a chief component in essential oils of certain Litsea species. Litsea plants are valued for their traditional uses in industries like perfumes and insecticides, with some species serving as secondary food sources for silkworms. Litsea salicifolia, in particular, is known for its applications in traditional medicine, specifically for addressing rheumatic inflammation and bone disorders (Lee SS, et al., 1992). Additionally, Litsea species exhibit various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. They have also shown promise as mosquito repellents and larvicides against disease-carrying insects (Lee SS, et al., 1996). In conclusion, Litsea species are rich sources of diverse phytochemicals and have significant potential in both traditional medicine and various industrial applications, with emerging research highlighting their valuable pharmacological properties and insect-repellent capabilities (Table 1).

Table 1: Pharmacological activities related to the phytochemicals

In a comprehensive study conducted by Wang TA, et al., 2008, a remarkable 407 secondary metabolites were identified within the diverse Litsea species, encompassing a wide array of phytoconstituents, including lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, and lignans (Lee SS, et al., 1993). Among these, essential oils extracted from various Litsea species have garnered particular attention. Limonene emerges as a predominant constituent in the essential oils of several Litsea species, including Litsea akoensis, Litsea helferi, Litsea parvifolia, and Litsea neesiana. Similarly, ocimene takes the spotlight as the chief component in the essential oils of Litsea glutinosa (found in leaves and fruit) and Litsea konstermanin (stem) (Liu M, et al., 2007). Additionally, monoterpenes like α-phellandrene, sabinene, and α-pinene have been successfully isolated from different Litsea species, expanding the diversity of their chemical profile. Moreover, oxygenated monoterpenes, such as 1, 8-cineole, citral, linalool, and bulnesol, have been reported in various Litsea species.

Intriguingly, Litsea species also contain amides, with five distinct compounds, including N-Feruloyltyramine and N-Sinapoyltyramine, having been isolated from these plants. The alkaloid content of Litsea species is particularly rich, with a total of 54 alkaloids reported, encompassing a variety of compounds like atheroline, boldine, and isoboldine (Min BS, et al., 2003). The presence of flavonoids is notable, with around 20 of these compounds identified in Litsea species, primarily flavonols and glycosides of flavanols and flavonols. Additionally, butenolactones and butanolides stand out as highly prominent chemical compounds in Litsea species, with nearly 48 compounds isolated, including litseabutenolide, litseadioxanin, and litsealiicolide. Furthermore, Litsea species have been found to contain four different steroids, including sepesteonol and daucosterol (Mohan H, et al., 1978).

The monoterpene category adds to the chemical diversity of Litsea species, with various monoterpenes, such as camphene, citronellal, and terpinyl acetate, being isolated, particularly from Litsea cubeba. In the realm of triterpenoids, seven distinct compounds have been identified, including β-amyrin, which is present in Litsea species. Sesquiterpenes are found in higher concentrations in Litsea species and have exhibited various pharmacological properties, including anti-HIV activity (Rastogi RC and Borthakur N, 1980).

Notably, Litsea species are also a source of fatty acids, with a total of 19 different fatty acids identified in Litsea cubeba. The pharmacological activities of Litsea species are extensive and include anticancer, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. These diverse compounds not only make Litsea species valuable in traditional medicine but also in various industries, where they are used for extracting essential oils, flavors, perfumes, and insecticides. In addition, some Litsea species are cultivated specifically for rearing silkworms, serving as secondary feed sources for these insects (Sharma BK, 2019).

Moreover, Litsea salicifolia, a particular species within the Litsea genus, has demonstrated specific activities. Its stem bark is traditionally used to address conditions related to rheumatic inflammation and bone disorders (Tanaka H, et al., 1990). Additionally, both Litsea cubeba and Litsea salicifolia have shown repellent and irritant effects against mosquitoes, making them potential candidates for natural mosquito repellents. Furthermore, Litsea salicifolia extracts have displayed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, further expanding their potential applications. In the realm of insecticidal activity, Litsea salicifolia’s essential oil has been reported to exhibit efficacy against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum (Tanaka H, et al., 2009).

Beyond these activities, Litseasalicifolia extracts have demonstrated cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties, enhancing their relevance in medicinal and therapeutic contexts. Moreover, various studies have explored the mosquito repellent activity of Litseaspecies, particularly concerning Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, with Litsea salicifolia extracts showing promise as mosquito repellents (Teponno RB, et al., 2016). Additionally, Litseaspecies have been investigated for their larvicidal activity against mosquito vectors like Anopheles stephensi, Stegomyia aegypti, and Culexquinquefasciatus, showcasing their potential in mosquito control efforts. Their oviposition deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti is another noteworthy aspect. Furthermore, Litsea cubeba and Litsea salicifolia essential oils have demonstrated contact and fumigant toxicity against Luciaphorusperniciosus, further underscoring their potential as natural agents for pest control and management (Venkataya B, 2016).

Litsea species offer a wealth of phytoconstituents, with diverse chemical profiles that contribute to their various pharmacological activities and applications in traditional medicine and industry. Litsea salicifolia, in particular, exhibits specific therapeutic properties, making it a valuable resource for addressing specific health concerns and pest control challenges. These findings highlight the importance of Litsea species in natural product research and their potential contributions to various fields, including healthcare and agriculture (Wang J, et al., 1983).

Pharmacologicalactivity of Litsea salicifolia

Khare CP, 2015, stated that the decoction of stem bark of Litsea salicifolia is used for rheumatic affiliated inflammation, and bone disorder.

Noosidum A, et al., 2008, studied and reported that the repellent effect of Litsea cubeba and Litsea salicifolia against Mosquito and irritant effect was also reported in L. cubeba and L.salicifolia. Normally Clevenger apparatus will be used to distill out the essential oil form the plant part likewise Litsea cubeba and Litsea salicifolia were also subjected to isolate the essential oil from leaf part. The repellent and irritant effect was carried out by excito-repellency assay against Aedis aegypti female mosquitoes. Mixture of both essential oil showed higher synergistic action over unmixed oil.

The Antibacterial activity of Litsea species were reported by Zhang HJ, et al., 2003. For this activity the bacterial strains were purchased from gene bank. Two bacterial strains were taken for the study like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. MIC, MBC was studied using disc diffusion and macro broth dilution method respectively. The bacterial cells which undergone stress when it exposed to the plant extract can be determined by NBT (Nitroblue Tetrazolium method). In this work the author reported that the chloroform extract showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus having 0.076 mg/ml MIC and 0.4 mg/ml MBC values, and there was an oxidative stress when the bacterial cell exposed to the plant extract thereby the reactive oxygen species were generated and it leads to the damage of cell cytoplasm and DNA which was proved by Transmission Electron Microscopically (TEM) analysis (Mech D and Vijay N, 2020).

Insecticidal activity of essential oil which was isolated from the species Litsea was reported by Ko K, et al., 2010, there were two essential oil (E)citral and (Z)-citral isolated from Litsea salicifolia by hydro distillation method and they were characterized using GC/MS. For this experiment two insect species were taken Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum. The oil repelled the two insects effectively even at low concentration (0.16 µg/cm2). In addition to the repellent activity it has also showed fumigant against Sitophilus zeamais, contact toxicity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum and antifeedant toxicity against Tribolium castaneum.

Zhang HJ, et al., 2003 reported cytotoxic activity of Litsea salicifolia leaves. The cytotoxicity of Litsea salicifolia was studied using Brine Shrimp Lethality bioassay (BSLA). Dried leaves were used for extraction, the leaves were powdered and sieved then the extracts were taken using the solvents from low polar to high polar that is from hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed for all the extracts and it showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrate. Methanol extract was very much toxicity to brine shrimp assay, it showed LC₅₀ of 244.599 μg/ml whereas the other extract was not much effective as methanol extract.

The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was studied for various extracts of Litsea species and reported by Zou D, et al., 2018. The report says that the methanol extract of Litsea salicifolia showed high phenol content is 102 ± 1.414 mg/gm in respective of gallic acid and tannin content is 253.5714 ± 5.051 mg/gm in respective of tannic acid and the antioxidant activity using DPPH also higher than other extracts with IC₅₀ of 251.227 µg/ml. Ethyl acetate extract of Litsea salicifolia had highest flavonoids content 285.5 ± 6.364 mg/gm in respective of Quercetin than other extracts. This report exhibited poor antimicrobial activity for all the extracts of Litsea salicifolia.

Mosquito repellent activity for the Litseaspecies was studied using two mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus and there was a report states that the water extract of L. salicifolia exhibited maximum activity when compare to other extracts of Litsea salicifolia which was 72 ppm to Aedes aegypti and the hexane extract exhibited 70% insect repellency for 3 hr against Aedes aegypti and 46% repellency for 3 hr against Culex quinquefasciatus (Rozo A, et al., 2008).

Dohutia C, et al., 2015, studied some northeastern plants for mosquito repellent activity using the mosquito larva’s of the species Anopheles stephensiwhich is known as malaria vector, Stegomyia aegyptiis known as dengue vector, and Culex quinquefasciatus which is known as lymphatic filariasis vector. The author reported that the Derris elliptica, Linostoma decandrum and Croton tiglium are having good larvicidal activity. Propoxur was used as standard drug. Derris elliptica showed maximum activity than standard drug with LC50 value 0.307 μg/ml and the half-life was calculated as 2-4 days. Whereas the pet ether extract of Litsea salicifoliashowed IC₅₀ as 467. 4 mcg/ml, and the methanolic extract of Litsea salicifolia showed IC₅₀ value of 320 mcg/ml (Dohutia C, et al., 2015).

The larvicidal and oviposition deterent activity of 23 essential oil including Litseaspecies were studied by Uniyal A, et al., 2016 against Aedes aegypti. From this study the essential from Litsea species were showed good activity when compared to all others. Different concentration of Litsea species were prepared and tested using 10 mcg/ml to 50 mcg/ml and it showed the LC50 value of 46.775 oviposition deterrent activity of Litsea species were studied using 10 mcg/ml to 100 mcg/ml.

The contact toxicity and fumigant toxicity were studied by Pumnuan J, et al., 2010 against Luciaphorus pernicious. Essential oil form the plants Litsea cubeba, Litsea salicifolia, and Melaleuca cajuputi were extracted by hydro distillation method. The study was conducted using a knockdown chamber with 2.5 × 10⁴ cm³ size. Concentration used for the study is 0, 0.0012, 0.006, 0.012, 0.06, 0.12, 0.6, and 1.2 g/cm³.

Pumnuan J, et al., 2010 studied the essential oil of Listea cubeba on Lucia phorus perniciosus by different methods such as contact and fumigation in a knockdown chamber consists of 2.5 × 10⁴ cm³ with a concentration of 0, 0.0012, 0.006, 0.012, 0.06, 0.12, 0.6, and 1.2 g/cm³. Listea cubeba showed the LD₅₀ value of contact and fumigation methods were found to be 0.932 and 0.166 and Litsea salicifolia showed 2.793 and 0.410 g/cm³, respectively. Litsea cubeba and Litsea salicifolia essential oil showed better effect on Luciaphorus perniciosus when compared to Melaleuca cajuputi. In the for mulation of cream or ointment the essential oil from Litsea cubeba was used as minor ingredient and the citronella oil or oil from black pepper may promote the activity and increased the mite mortality rate (Pumnuan J, et al., 2010).

Discussion and Conclusion

In this article, we discussed the relevant literatures to bring together the phytopharmacological uses, phytochemistry composition. The ethnopharmacological effects of compounds of Litsea salicifolia have been described in this review. These compounds have the potential to treat a variety of illnesses due to their intrinsic anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic capabilities. Other information like pharmacodynamic activities, pharmacokinetic properties of Litsea salicifolia have not been well investigated or established. To validate the ethnomedical benefits of Litsea, additional in vitro and in vivo genotoxic research must be assessed. A thorough investigation of Litsea salicifolia’s pharmacological qualities could lead to the development of novel medications to treat life-threatening conditions including cancer and diabetes. It is also seen to be past due to integrate pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic research in order to learn more about the mechanisms of action, medication responses, and other health-related problems connected to the use of plant-based crude extracts and formulations made out from the extracts. Therefore, for long-term societal advantages, research involving clinical evaluation and conservation techniques is essential.

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